Your Mac stores some of its
settings using a chip, called parameter RAM (PRAM), that is powered by a small battery
on your controller, or motherboard (the brains of your Mac). Sometimes resetting, aka
zapping, the PRAM can correct startup problems. To zap the PRAM, restart the Mac and
immediately press and hold the z-OPTION-P-R keys; do not stop pressing these keys until
you hear the Mac??™s startup sound at least twice. After the second chime, you can let go of
the keys, having successfully zapped the PRAM.
?– Boot into Safe Mode Safe Mode is a special way to start Mac OS X running only the
bare minimum of required software and kernel components. Boot into Safe Mode by
holding down the SHIFT key immediately after you hear the startup chime??”not before
you hear it. When you see the gray Apple, you can let go of the SHIFT key. Your Mac
automatically checks the directory on its hard drive and effects repairs, if necessary.
CHAPTER 20: What the Heck Just Happened ? 427
Once your Mac boots all the way up, restart it without holding any keys down to boot
normally.
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